FlightGear


FlightGear （正體）

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FlightGear

Boeing 787 Continental Airlines livery in version 1.0.0
开发 FlightGear 开发者、贡献者
初始版本 1997年 7月 17日
最近版本 1.0.0 / 2007年12月17日 (2007-12-17)；338天前
编程语言 C++ [1]
操作系统 Linux, Mac OS X, FreeBSD, Solaris, IRIX 或者32位 Windows,
平台 跨平台
发展状态 Active (1996-)
类型 飞行模拟器
许可协议 GNU General Public License
网站 http://www.flightgear.org/
查看 • 讨论 • 编辑 • 历史

FlightGear 是自由软件，多平台飞行模拟器，FlightGear 项目始于1997年.[2]

1997第一次发布不断发展，到了2007年12月放出1.0.0版本。项目主要针对的操作系统包括 Linux, Microsoft Windows (Win 32), Mac OS X,IRIX, 和Solaris,需要支持OpenGL的Version 1.0。

本软件授权协议是GNU General Public License，为自由软件。

目录

历史

KLM Boeing 737-300 in version 1.0.0 in 2008

早期 (1996, 1997-2001)

开发开始于20世纪90年代晚期，从1996年起带有网络的特性，但是使用定制的 3D 图像代码。 Development of an OpenGL based version was spearheaded by Curtis Olsen starting in 1997, after the initial start in 1996. A large community response lead to many contributing to the project from its start in late '90s up to the present. [3] [4]

3D图形代码使用OpenGL，但是项目并不是完全从头来：FlightGear 开发者使用 LaRCsim模型（来自NASA）还有其他自由使用的数据。


版本 0.7-0.9 (2001-2003)

By 2001, the team was releasing new beta versions regularly (0.7.x, 0.8.x over 2001-2003). Later in the decade, the rate of final public releases slowed, but had larger amounts of content (0.9.8, 0.9.10, etc.). The maturity of software by 2005 lead to more widespread reviews, and increased popularity. The use of version numbers slowed dramatically after the late 2002 release of version 0.9.0. Versions 0.9.9 (2005) and 0.9.10 (2006) had about 8 all-new or redone aircraft adding to a total of 70-90 aircraft, while 0.9.11 has about 33 new or redone designs.

版本 0.9.0-1.0.0 (2003-2007)

3D Cockpit panel for A-10 in version 1.0.0 in 2008

FlightGear的图像效果和同期的X-Plane 相比过时了， 但是也有了长足进步，远好于其他开源的飞行模拟器如ACM Flight Simulator和 Vertigo。免费分发SRTM评估，独特功能，如sloped runways. 超过20,000 runways, 3d 云彩，多平台支持， multiple open flight data model (FDM) choices, 大约100种飞行器。

FlightGear需求 OpenGL 3D硬件加速，NVIDIA产品得到更好的支持。早先支持3dfx显示卡，因为硬件要求提升而最终被抛弃。

FlightGear has been used in a range of projects in academia and industry.[5]

软件

引擎是 SimGear。It is used both as an end-user application and in academic and research environments, for the development and pursuit of flight simulation ideas.

This customizability of FlightGear is illustrated by the wide range of aircraft models that are available in FlightGear, from gliders to helicopters, and from airliners to fighter jets. These aircraft models have been contributed by many different people.

The FlightGear aircraft use one of three main data models JSBSim, YAsim, or UIUC as of version 0.9.10. Currently only one terrain engine is used, TerraGear. Weather effects include 3D clouds, lighting effects, and time of day.

Another huge advantage of FlightGear is that it is completely open source — it has a rich set of existing external interfaces, and most of the major configuration can be done with standard XML-based text files. We make no attempts to obfuscate or hide our internals. This is big win for people using FlightGear as an academic or research platform, or for those that want to interface it to their own home-built cockpits.[6]

– Curtis L. Olson , O'Reilly Network, 2003

Flight Dynamics Models

飞行动态模型 Flight Dynamics Models (FDM)是飞行模拟的主要部分。 FlightGear uses a variety of internally written and imported flight model projects. Any aircraft must be programmed to use one of these models. Currently FlightGear is the only graphical flight simulator for which all the FDM are used, and UIUC and YASim were developed specifically for FlightGear.

Early version used an FDM based on LaRCsim by NASA, which was replaced with more flexible FDM.

  • JSBSim - 2000年后用的动态模型。由Jon Berndt起步。 [7]
  • YASim - another FDM using different calculation method. Introduced starting in 0.7.9 in 2002. Developed by Andy Ross [8]
  • UIUC - another included FDM, developed by the UIUC Applied Aerodynamics Group at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, also made use of LaRCsim.[9]
  • Flight Gear can also be setup to render using inputs from an external FDM source, such as from Matlab.
  • Other custom FDM for a specific aircraft type have been written, such as for lighter than air aircraft.

FlightGear dependencies

Unlike commercial software titles, the main output of the project is simply the release of a collection of code. To turn it into a usable program it must be compiled for a given platform. The software libraries used to create FlightGear have varied over time. The main one is SimGear, which is the underlying sim engine for FlightGear. TerraGear is not a dependency, but simply a name for the default terrain data program in FlightGear. OpenAL is used for sound/audio software, including support for SDL (since 0.9.5).[10] PLIB is used for hardware support routines, formerly used for sound support also which was taken over by OpenAL. OpenGL is used for its integrated 3D graphics routines, and other hardware acceleration (namely DirectX) is not supported. OpenSceneGraph is also integrated into FlightGear. Finally, Simple DirectMedia Layer is a software library which is also used. Some of the dependencies vary depending on which platform the code is being compiled for. FlightGear users must either compile the code themselves, or find a third party to release a binary, if it is not among the ones available from the project.

网络和多人支持

Several networking options allow FlightGear to communicate with other instances of FlightGear. A multiplayer protocol is available for using FlightGear on a local network in a multi aircraft environment. This could be used for formation flight or control tower simulation. Multiplayer was soon expanded to allow playing over the internet. Other features include a Google maps based moving map that allows users to observe where other players are.[11]

Several instances of FlightGear can be synchronized to allow for a multi-monitor environment. If all instances are running at the same frame rate consistently, it is possible to get good and tight synchronization between displays.

额外软件

A comparison between a FlightGear 1.0 screenshot in 2008 and a photo of San Francisco Airport

There are programs that are either integrated into FlightGear (dependencies) or perform a function with it. Some of these are included in the release of FlightGear for a specific platform but made by the project, while others are independently distributed but are hosted by the FlightGear project.

One major additional software is the actual interface for launching an executable of FlightGear. For most of its early life FlightGear was only run through command line interfaces. However, the FlightGear Launch Control has been included with the FG launcher front-end since 0.9.3 in 2003. KFreeFlight is a launcher/front-end for KDE. FGTools is an alternative windows launcher front-end. FGKicker is a GTK+ based front-end.

Other significant programs include editors and projects for Terrain Data. Atlas is a chart/map support for FlightGear; Kelpie Flight Planner is a Java based flight planner for FlightGear. FlightGear Scenery Designer is a FlightGear scenery editor for working with terrain data. The World Custom Scenery Project is a project coordinating custom scenery efforts. Finally, Taxidraw is an editor for airport runways and taxiways.

FlightGear 源代码 vs. 二进制包

因为不是商业软件，项目通过CVS彻底开放了源代码。 The actualy release dates apply to standardized and stable release of code, which is then compiled into a executable program. Both the the development, the code releases, and the binaries are all created by those who volunteer their time to FlightGear. To create a runnable program the code must be compiled, which requires several specific libraries (see section of #FlightGear dependencies), including some general ones and, in some cases some platform specific ones. However, since this too difficult for most mainstream users, other contributors will work to make binaries available for a specific platform and operating system. These packages vary in their stability, performance, dependencies, and how up to date they are with the code base. For example, some older binaries work on Mac OS 9 but newer releases require specific Mac OS X versions.

如，2007年底的0.9.11-pre1 (pre-release) 和 0.9.10 (final) 二进制包却不一定存在，

2008年初，1.0.0版本放出，对硬件要求提升。

  • Win-32 (v1.0.00) (For Windows 98, 2000, ME, XP, Vista)
  • Linux- 打包的Linux发行版 (v1.0.00)包括 Slackware和Debian
  • Macintosh OS 10.4 (v1.0.00)

FlightGear评论

Wright Flyer in 0.9.9, which uses the UIUC FDM

Although not developed or typically analyzed solely as a game in the traditional sense, FlightGear has nevertheless undergone reviews in a number of online and offline publications, and received postived reviews as a flight simulator game.[12] FlightGear 1.0.0 was noted as being impressive for game over a decade in the making, with a wide variety of aircraft and features. [13]

FlightGear 0.9.10 received many reviews, being highlighted as an accurate simulation but requiring patience and some pre-game work.[14] PC Magazine noted how it is designed to be easy to add new aircraft and scenery.[15]

In contrast, an older review some years early, a June 2002 review by FlightXPress, had been more critical, noting a lack of functions and the scenery (this would be for version 0.7.10 of FlightGear).[16]

Release timeline

Final build code release dates by year. [17] Prototype code using LaRCsim, OpenGL, USGS DEM data, and VRML were tested by July 3, 1997 by C. Olson. [18]

Date Version
July 17, 1997 First Release
1st working win-32
September 23, 1997 0.12
December 9, 1997 0.15
December 17, 1997 0.18
December 30, 1997 0.19 (first binaries)
January 6, 1998 0.22
Mar 11 98 0.37
April 8, 1998 0.41
April 14, 1998 0.42
April 23, 1998 0.43
Apr 28, 1998 0.44
May 7, 1998 0.45
May 11, 1998 0.46
May 18, 1998 0.47
June 9, 1998 0.48
June 27, 1998 0.49
July 13, 1998 0.50
July 21, 1998 0.51
August 15, 1998 0.52
September 2, 1998 0.53
September 25, 1998 0.54
October 23, 1998 0.55
November 23, 1998 0.56
January 21, 1999 0.57
February 10, 1999 0.58
March 31, 1999 0.59
May 26, 1999 0.6.0
June 21, 1999 0.6.1 (Stable)
September 11, 1999 0.7.0 (Development)
0.6.2 (Stable)
October 22, 1999 0.7.1 (Development)
February 17, 2000 0.7.2 (Development)
May 18, 2000 0.7.3 (Development)
July 20, 2000 0.7.4
September 18, 2000 0.7.5
December 19, 2000 0.7.6
June 20, 2001 0.7.7
July 13, 2001 0.7.8
February 16, 2002 0.7.9
April 20, 2002 0.7.10
September 7, 2002 0.8.0
December 3, 2002 0.9.0
December 5, 2002 0.9.1
June 4, 2003 0.9.2
October 24, 2003 0.9.3
March 26, 2004 0.9.4
July 29, 2004 0.9.5
October 12, 2004 0.9.6
January 18, 2005 0.9.8 [19]
November 17, 2005 0.9.9
April 5, 2006 0.9.10
May 2007 0.9.11-pre1
December 17, 2007 1.0.0 (latest final build)

Models & aircraft

FlightGear started out with an aircraft included in NASA's LaRCsim, a Navion, which was replaced by a Cessna 172 by 2000. UIUC as well as JSBsim development brought several more aircraft with them, as did the development of YASim which have since become the main FDM used in FG. [20]

1.0.0 and earlier aircraft

Hawker Sea Hawk in 0.9.9

The basic installer is limited to about 15 aircraft, with several dozen more official aircraft at varying states of development for download. The CD/DVD version includes all official aircraft and terrain data, though all the same material can also be downloaded for free. Non official aircraft from third-party sources also exist, but are not included here. Also included are a number of custom buildings, especially around San Francisco; a Nimitz class aircraft carrier is included as well (which aircraft can land on). In addition, several of the developmental UIUC aircraft developed in the late 1990s were still included but were not all maintained.

All Official aircraft for 0.9.10, with flight data model type and cockpit type listed for some such as found on the 0.9.10 CD release of FlightGear. Some aircraft are FDM only. Third party aircraft are excluded from the list (such as in additional add-ons). Aircraft in 0.9.10 installer are noted with a *, and ** for the 1.0 installer. New or heavily re-worked aircraft up to 1.0 public release, including some that came out with the 0.9.11-pre1 FlightGear (pre-release version) as well as 9.10 aircraft. Many aircraft that have not been updated no longer work, such as ones before .7.x/.8.x/.9.x as well as a number in the later releases that were not maintained to the current version depending on the model and its dependencies. Includes from about 0.7.0 to 0.9.10 and 1.0.0.

FlightGear 飞行器列表
Model FDM 3D Cockpit M. Update Debut
1903 Wright Flyer* UIUC - 0.9.9 0.8.0
Aerostar Super 700 YASim 3D cockpit 1.0.0 0.9.10
Boeing 707 JSBsim v2 - 0.9.10
Boeing 737-300* 0.9.4 1.0.0 0.9.2
Boeing 747-100 JSBSim,YASim 1.0.0, 0.9.10 0.8.0
Boeing 777-200 YASim 3D cockpit
Boeing 787-8 YASim 3D cockpit 1.0.0
Boeing 314-A JSBsim 1.0.0 0.9.9
Boeing F/A-18 Hornet 1.0.0
Boeing E-3B Sentry 1.0.0
Boeing KC-135E (FDM only)
Douglas A4F Skyhawk YASim, UIUC 1.0.0, 0.9.10 0.8.0
Northrop Grumman A-6E Intruder YASim 1.0 1.0.0
Fairchild A-10 Thunderbolt II* YASim 3d cockpit 1.0.0 0.9.2
Airbus A300 1.0.0
Airbus A320-200
Airbus A320-100 1.0.0
Antonov An-2 1.0.0
Antonov An-225 YASim 0.9.10 0.9.3
Arsenal VG-33 1.0.0
Beechcraft 99 YASim, UIUC 1.0.0** 0.9.5
Beechcraft B1900D YASim 3D 1.0.0 1.0.0, 0.9.10 0.9.8
Beechcraft Starship I YASim 1.0.0
Rockwell B-1B Lancer 3D cockpit 1.0.0
Northrop B-2 Spirit 1.0.0
B-29 Superfortress JSBsim, YASim 0.9.10 0.9.9
B-52F Stratofortress 1.0.0, 0.9.10 0.9.2
BAC TSR2 YASim 0.9.2
Bailey Dragonfly (Moyes/LiteFlite) (Ultralight)
Blackburn Buccaneer YASim 1.0.0
Bleriot XI YASim 1.0.0
Blohm & Voss BV 141 YASim
Bristol Beaufighter 1.0.0
Bugatti 100P YASim 1.0.0**
Cessna 150L 1.0.0 1.0.0
Cessna 172P Skyhawk* (1981 model) JSBSim 0.9.2 0.9.10
Cessna 172LE Skyhawk JSBSim
Cessna 172R Skyhawk JSBSim
Cessna 182 1.0.0 0.7.9
Cessna 182RG (c. 1978) 1.0.0
Cessna 310R (1979 model) 3D cockpit 0.9.10 0.7.9
Cessna U-3A YASim 3D cockpit 0.9.10; 0.8.0 0.7.9
Cessna 550 Citation II YASim 3D cockpit 0.9.8
Cessna Citation Bravo* YASim 3d cockpit 1.0.0, 0.9.10 0.9.9
Cessna Citation X 1.0.0
Comper Swift YASim 0.9.4
Concorde (v2.4) 3D cockpit 1.0.0, 0.9.10 0.9.5
Cri-Cri(Colomban MC-15 Cri-Cri) YASim 1.0.0**
Douglas DC-3 0.8.0
Douglas X-3 Stiletto YASim 1.0.0**
Dornier Do-335 1.0.0
Dornier Do X YASim 1.0.0**
Dorner-Dassault Alpha Jet YASim 1.0.0**
de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver YASim 3D cockpit 1.0.0, 0.9.10 0.9.8
de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter (Floats & Wheels) 1.0.0**
de Havilland Mosquito 1.0.0
de Havilland DH.89 Dragon Rapide YASim 1.0.0
de Havilland D.H.110 Sea Vixen FAW 2 YASim 1.0.0
English Electric Canberra B(I)8 YASim 0.9.10
English Electric Lightning F.1A 1.0.0 1.0.0 0.9.10
McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle (fdm only) 0.9.2
McDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle 3D Cockpit 1.0.0
General Dynamics F-16* 3D cockpit 0.9.10 0.9.2
Northrop YF-23 YASim 0.9.10 0.9.2
Lockheed F-80C Shooting Star 0.9.10
North American F-86F Sabre 1.0.0
Lockheed F-104 Starfighter 0.9.2
Chance Vought F4U Corsair 1.0.0
Farman IV YASim 1.0.0
Fieseler Fi-156 Storch 1.0.0
Focke-Wulf Fw-190 A8 1.0.0
FK 9 Mark 2 YASim 1.0.0
Fokker 50 0.9.8
Fokker 70 JSBSim
Fokker 100 JSBSim 0.9.8
Fokker Dr.1 UIUC
Grob G 115 YASim 1.0.0**
Grumman Albatross 1.0.0
Harrier YASim 1.0.0
Hawker Hurricane IIb 0.9.10 0.9.9
Hawker Hunter GA11* YASim 1.0.0, 0.9.10 0.9.4
Hawker Sea Hawk 0.9.10
Hughes H4 Hercules YASim, JSBSim 1.0.0
Issoire APM 20 Lionceau YASim
Soko J-22 Orao / IAR-93 0.9.3
Junkers Ju 52 1.0.0
Kawasaki T-4 "Blue Impulse" JSBSim, YASim 1.0.0 **
Kyushu J7W 1.0.0
Let L410 FDM only JSBSim 3D cockpit
Lockheed C-130 Hercules JSBSim 1.0.0
Lockheed 1049(Lockheed Constellation) 1.0.0 0.9.10
Lockheed P-38 Lightning & F-5B 1.0.0
Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird (2 FG versions) YASim 3d cockpit 1.0.0
McDonnell Douglas MD11 0.9.5
Macchi Castoldi M.C. 72 YASim 1.0.0
Martin-Marietta X-24B JSBsim
Mainair Flash 2 Alpha 1.0.0
Messerschmitt BF-109 G14* 1.0.0 0.9.10
Messerschmitt Me 262 YASim) 1.0.0
Dassault Mirage 2000 1.0.0
MiG-15bis YASim 1.0.0, 0.9.10 0.9.9
Nakajima Ki-84 Hayate (疾风, "Gale")('Frank') 1.0.0
Nakajima A6M2('Rufe') 1.0.0
Nord Noratlas 1.0.0
North American OV-10A Bronco 1.0.0 0.9.10
North American P-51D Mustang* YASim 0.9.2 0.9.2
North American X-15
Payen Pa 100 YASim 1.0.0
Consolidated Aircraft PBY-6 Catalina 1.0.0
Piaggio P180 Avanti II(FDM only) YASim 1.0.0
Pilatus PC-7 1.0.0, 0.9.10
Piper J3 Cub (J3C-65, 1946 model) 091 0.8.0
Piper Comanche 250 (1962 model) 1.0.0 0.9.10
Piper Cherokee Warrior II* (1979 model)
Piper PA34-200T Seneca II JSBsim,YASim 1.0.0
Pitts S1C
Saab J35Ö Draken (J35oe) 1.0.0
Siai Marchetti S.211(FDM only) UIUC
Space Shuttle (fdm only) JSBsim
Sopwith Camel 1F.1 UIUC, YASim 1.0.0
Supermarine Seafire MkIIIc 0.9.10
Supermarine Spitfire IIa 0.9.10 0.9.5
Supermarine Spitfire Mk IX 1.0.0
Sukhoi Su-26M
Sukhoi Flanker-F YASim 1.0.0
Cirrus SR-20 0.9.10 0.9.9
Cessna T-37 0.9.10 0.9.4
Northrop T-38* 0.9.2
Tupolev Tu-114 YASim 0.9.9
Tupolev Tu-154 YASim 0.9.5
A24 Viking(Aeroprakt) YASim 1.0.0
Bell/Boeing V-22 Osprey YASim 1.0.0
Vickers Vimy YASim 3d 1.0.0**
Avro Vulcan B.2 1.0.0
Zlin Z-50LX YASim 1.0.0**
Helicopters
Bo 105* 1.0.0, 0.9.10
Boeing CH-47 Chinook YASim 1.0.0
Bell 206 JetRanger 1.0.0 0.9.3
Bell/Boeing V-22 Osprey 1.0.0
Piasecki HUP Retriever (H-25) 1.0.0
Piasecki H-21C Shawnee 1.0.0**
Robinson R22 1.0.0
Sikorsky S-51(R-5) 1.0.0
Sikorsky S-58(H-34) YASim 1.0.0
Sikorsky S76C++ 1.0.0
Sikorsky S-70 (UH-60) 1.0.0
Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion (S-80) 1.0.0
Aérospatiale Alouette II YASim 1.0.0
Aérospatiale Alouette III 1.0.0
Aérospatiale SA 321 Super Frelon Yasim 1.0.0**
Eurocopter EC 135 1.0.0
Ecureuil AS 350 (FDM only) 1.0.0 0.9.3
Westland Lynx WG13 1.0.0
Gliders & Miscellaneous
Schweizer 2-33 (TG-4) (Glider) 1.0.0
Schleicher ASW 20 (Single Glider) UIUC 0.9.3
Schleicher ASK 21 (Glider) 1.0.0
Bielsko SZD-9 Bocian (Glider) 1.0.0
Colditz Escape Glider
Airwave Xtreme 150 hang glider UIUC
Paraglider JSBsim 0.9.3
Hornet Autogyro
Ornithopter UIUC 0.9.2
Rascal 110 (R/C)* YASim, JSBSim
Malolo1 (R/C) -
Manta (R/C) (FDM only) -
Ogel JSBSim 0.9.10
Santa Claus Sleigh 3d cockpit
UFO (Video Assistant), YardStik
Snowplow (Truck)(+AI) 1.0.0
Willys Jeep YASim 1.0.0


外部链结

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